How to Close Read a Passage of Text

First Impression Whether you are an incoming freshman in your first expository writing class, studying for the SAT, or simply a lover of literature, close reading a passage of text is one of the most essential skills a critical reader can master. Close reading requires us to read beyond the immediate or superficial meaning of the text by forcing us to interpret the choices an author makes within their craft. Much in the same way we consume visual art for aesthetic pleasure—a pretty flower, a naked woman, a happy arrangement of color and shape—so too do we consume literature. We tend to hurriedly read for plot, quickly turning the pages to find out what happens next, all the while missing the subtle intricacies that influence both the text’s meaning and our own understanding of what’s on the page. If we approach a book the same way we approach a painting—beginning now to lean in and look closer—we can observe that within the text, there are fine brush strokes which make up the overall picture of the story. Close reading is a way to recognize the brush strokes of language, the symbols and their meanings, and the source of the reader’s information. First Impression The first step of a larger analysis of a text is to make note of any patterns, contradictions, or moments of surprise. A reader should make an initial passing of a text by reading and reacting with a pencil in the margins. What are your overall impressions? Are there two elements of the passage that are harmonious? in contradiction? Word Choice If the first yummy layer of a text is your overall impression, the next layer of understanding can be found in an author’s word choice. When a reader approaches the words on a page, it is helpful to make note of how the word is defined, along with how it is working within the context of the passage. A reader’s first task is to define the words in the passage, especially those which seem to be the linchpins of meaning. If you belong to a university, you almost certainly have access to the most beloved dictionary known to man—the Oxford English Dictionary—which webs the ways words are defined, have evolved over time, and relate to one another. Start here to define your noted words. You should also be vigilant about any puns or double meanings that appear in the passage, as they usually add to the depth of meaning. Some important questions to help guide you: -Which words jump out at you? Why? -How do these words relate to one another? Do you notice any relationships between their definitions? -Any words that seem unfamiliar or out of place? Once these words are defined, the reader should begin to ask why and how these definitions impact the interpretation of the text. Point of View In identifying where and how a reader is receiving information about the text, they can also identify a bias of point of view. That is, any description that is relayed by a speaker, a character, or a character’s senses is limited. Making note of the ways a reader receives information—whether from an omniscient speaker, a dialogue between two characters, or a sensual description from a first person perspective—will allow a critical reader to identify ways the information has been biased or limited by that source’s point of view: -How does an excerpt or piece of dialogue make us understand characters differently? From where are we receiving the information? -Are there colors, sounds, flavors, or feelings that appeal to the reader’s senses? Does this imagery have a pattern? -Who is speaking? Listening? Does the source of informationhave a limited, partial, or bias point of view? Patterns This aspect of your analysis works best when handled in the context of an entire work, or what is framing the identified pattern. If a reader takes note of patterns or images that repeat themselves throughout the whole book or composition, they can then begin to make conclusions about the overall purpose of of that pattern within the sample of the passage. Some helpful questions that may aid in isolating an emblematic image: -Do you recognize this image from elsewhere in the work? Where? What is the connection? -How might this fit into the context of the book as a whole? -Could this function as a larger symbol for the entire book? The second step in interrogating pattern is to look at the sentence and paragraph makeup. This is to identify shifts in tone and style which could contribute to a more intricate understanding of the text: -What does the sentence sound like? Is there a rhythm? Is it long and drawn out, or short with many stops? -How does the punctuation affect the way the sentence is read. Is there anything unusual you notice? -Do you notice any words, images, or styles of writing being repeated? How does this influence the overall meaning? Metaphor and Symbol Finally, my favorite form of cross-examination: symbol is perhaps the most powerful way an author can communicate and control meaning. If there are any comparisons being made within the passage through the use of metaphor or simile, the reader should flag them. What kinds of symbols are used as representation, and why? Some other important questions to note when gathering evidence around symbol: -Is there one larger metaphor that blankets the passage? If not, how many different metaphors occur and how might their multiplicity work together? -How might objects in the passage represent something else? –sometimes, objects appear that are rooted in historical or cultural significance, so it is important to make note of objects that appear to be functioning outside of themselves, and research their potential importance. -Could these metaphors be subsets of a larger allegorical meaning beyond the literal level? Conclusion Once a reader has sufficiently questioned a text at each of these layers, the annotations and their answers should lead to a larger, more complicated understanding of the work. This is where true analysis and argument can happen! ; Read more blog posts on reading and writing skills below: Four types of questions and when to ask them It's Not What You Say But The Way That You Say It: Tips For Developing Voice How to Write and Edit a College Paper: A Roadmap

How Do Small Children Learn Their First Language

How do small children learn their first language? Discuss some environmental factors and internal factors involved in language acquisition. â€Å"Children are extremely perceptive and absorb what goes on around them long before they can talk or even comprehend the language†. -Theodore Isaac Rubin, psychiatrist and author. But, have you ever thought about how children learn their first language. Do they certainly learn by absorbing what they hear around them or is there more to that? Maybe we do not give enough credit to the brain and how it functions when it comes to learning a native language. Children learn by imitation, analogy, reinforcement, and structure input. However, are these factors enough to explain how kids learn their native language? As we all know language can be extremely complicated, still young children are able to master this skill at a very young age. They might not speak it or express themselves like an adult would but by the age of five they are completely understandable. However, if children do not memorize sentences and no one teaches them the language grammar how are they able to learn the language in such a short period of time? There are theories that try to explain how this is possible. Some think that children extract the rules of the language they hear around them. Therefore, no matter the language a kid is exposed to they will be able to learn the language until puberty. Meanwhile, other linguists believe that children are born with a brainShow MoreRelatedThe s Theory On Language Acquisition Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesexposed to extreme brightness, one of the most unique human instincts is language. Language is the system in which humans can communicate amongst each other, an incredible phen omenon, and yet for many years psychologists and scientists have yet to come up with one set theory as to how we acquire the languages we have. There are two fundamentally different theories on language acquisition that I will be presenting, the first by linguist Noam Chomsky and the second by psychologist B.F Skinner. ToRead MoreThe First Type Of Communication1348 Words   |  6 Pages 1. The first type of communication in infants is reflexive this includes movement, crying, and facial expressions. The first type of vocalization that is non crying is the infants cooing. Cooing makes up a variety of speech sounds like oooooooh, eeeeeeeeh, and aaaah. These are sometimes produced accidently. The infant is not born to intentionally produce sounds. The infant when practicing can eventually can produce the speech sounds of their native language, but they have reinforcement to accomplishRead MoreHow Do People Learn (Language)?829 Words   |  4 PagesHow do people learn (language)? How we teach language should be based on how people learn language.  Ã‚   Do we learn language the way we learn everything?   Or is there some special way our brains learn language?   Today we will talk about some of the hypotheses which have been suggested for how people learn (in general) and learn language (in particular).      This child has learned sign-language from his parents – but how?   NATURE vs. NURTURE    People who argue for language learning by NATURERead MoreThe Montessori Method Of Education By Observing Behaviors1674 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Maria Montessori developed the Montessori Method of education by observing behaviors in young children which formed the foundation of her educational method. Montessori method is a child-centered educational approach based on scientific clarifications of children from birth to adulthood. Dr. Montessori’s Method has been time tested, with over 100 years of success in diverse cultures throughout the world. It is a view of the child as one who is naturally eager for knowledge and capable of initiatingRead MoreThe Problem Of Learning Languages1092 Words   |  5 Pageslearning languages is very important in the contemporary world. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at present time when the progress of science and technology gas led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every 7 years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the people on our planet. On the base of the first (native) language people chooseRead MoreLinguistic Nativism: There’s Something Between the Ears Language is something that humans use and1300 Words   |  6 PagesLinguistic Nativism: There’s Something Between the Ears Language is something that humans use and encounter every day. Whether it be writing a paper, reading an email, talking to your best friend on the phone, or asking someone for directions, the use of language is broad and heavily intertwined with experiencing the world in the human condition. But the question of how humans come from being silent babies to speaking children is still unanswered. Linguistic nativism is one theory that addressesRead MoreVolunteering At North Elementary And I Am Working Through The Refugee Development Center1491 Words   |  6 Pagesworking through the Refugee Development Center. The children that I am working with are named Rofaida and Khalid, whose first language is Arabic. The first time I met the two I was very excited to see them and get to know a little bit about them. However, during their snack time when they first came in I noticed that they were very rambunctious and were often yelling at eachother in their native language. I was a little put o ff by them at first, just because I did not know if they would be able toRead MoreEssay on The Power of Words1029 Words   |  5 PagesThe Power of Words Communication and language are not always synonymous. Gesticulations and facial expression can convey certain messages that often make verbal expression unnecessary. Although I appreciate the endless possibilities that are associated with speaking, our primary means of communication, I have discovered that the human capacity for speech might not be as extremely innate as the linguist Noam Chomsky claimed. A few years ago, I had the privilege of encountering a thirty-five year-oldRead MoreThe Procedure Of Language Learning Of The Infants1402 Words   |  6 Pagesin a foreign language that they studied in a U.S. classroom,† states Amelia Friedman in The Atlantic. â€Å"That’s noteworthy considering that in 2008 almost all high schools in the country – 93 percent – offered foreign languages† (Friedman). This has resulted in, as Brad Marshall, a teaching fellow of languages and literatures, notes, [the] widespread belief that adults will inevitably have problems and will certainly never become fluent, while children are supposed to pick up languages with ease.Read MoreBilingual Education for Children1219 Words   |  5 Pagesto learn a certain language. They stress that anybody can learn a new language at whatever age. Others do argue that using bilinguals is prepositioning the child on a wrong footing on how to learn the first language and the second language. Whether this people have a point or not is the major point of writing this paper. One thing bilingual education critics forget is that people come from different backgrounds that have differing cultures and language. If everybody was to speak his language, then

Globalization in the Hospitality Industry - 1167 Words

Tourism is an industry that gives people the opportunity to explore and discover different cultures and many different countries. People are able to view attractions, dabble in local cuisine and experience life in a different country. Tourism is an industry that is rapidly growing as more and more people are traveling abroad. People have a genuine interest in learning about new cultures and experiencing all that a country has to offer. More countries are moving closer to globalization and this in turn is beginning to blend many cultures together. Developing countries are expanding their role in the tourism industry as countries are discovering that this is one of the quickest ways to earn revenue. Tourism blends many countries together in†¦show more content†¦Additionally, hotel employees are represented by many different cultures and backgrounds so it is important that hotel organizations implement different management skills and policies and procedures in order to effectively manage its personnel. Global issues such as communication, geography, language are all issues that an effective hotel manager will need to address. These factors are vital in forming the appropriate global affiliations. A number of hospitality organizations are looking for ways to form such affiliations in order to gain entry into markets that are new to them. It is difficult for them to go it alone as doing so creates somewhat of a risk for them. By forming these alliances with local and regional partners, they are able to gain the necessary wisdom and insight in order to potentially conquer that particular market. Hospitality organizations that dont form these alliances find that it is difficult to establish a presence in unfamiliar markets. Forming these alliances allow hospitality organizations to seize upon the strong suits of larger multinational corporations while benefiting from their own success. Customers in the hospitality industry are looking for services that enable them to move about freely around the world. The lifestyle of the global traveler has somewhat shaped globalization and how hospitality companies operate. The opportunity to implement single brands in a global market is something that is achievable byShow MoreRelatedGlobalization of the Hospitality Industry1087 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization of the Hospitality Industry Jennifer Bratton University of Phoenix Globalization of the Hospitality Industry Introduction The hospitality industry strives from consumers wanting to get away from everyday stresses. These consumers want to relax and enjoy time away from everyday life. When a person is traveling they need a place to stay, a place to eat, somewhere to visit, and someone to make the arrangements for the travel. Hospitality is known for servicing the guests and makingRead MoreImportance of Globalization in Hospitality1346 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion- Critically analyse the relevance and utility of globalization for the international hospitality industry. In the recent years hospitality industry over the years has expanded their business all around the world. Big hotel chains such as Marriott’s and Accor group are opening their hotels in developing countries such as India, Singapore etc. The process of globalization has played a major role in expanding their profits and laying their business across their own boundaries. Majority countriesRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Hotel Industry Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe interference of globalization in the hotel industry, it is inevitable for the hotel companies to meet with different environmental conditions and forced them to study about different management approaches in order to sustain with competing environmental circumstances which would enable them to realize, both negative and positive effects. Since the international trade and business has expanded, there is no doubt that the international linkage is a must. (ZhenJia) Globalization is a procedure thatRead MoreC urrent Issues For The Tourism And Hospitality Industry935 Words   |  4 PagesII. Current issues for the tourism and hospitality industry 1. Introduction Tourism is known as the largest and fastest growing industry which generate a massive revenue for the economy all over the world (Chon, 2010). It is said that tourism industry is growing 1.5 times faster than other industries and its economic, social effect on a nation is enormous (Trivun et al, 2008). Many countries especially developing countries see travel and tourism as a way to gain foreign currencies and attract internationalRead MoreDiversity Within The Workforce Of International Tourism Enterprises1192 Words   |  5 PagesAs our world is increasing of globalization, many organizations cannot stress enough to interact with individuals with diverse background, culture, and social norms. Throughout this worldwide economy, competitions are constantly increasing. Many organizations, especially towards the hospitality industry strive to create diverse leadership teams, to be more creative, opening up to changes and accepting challenges. Indeed, diversity brings out many positive effects towards one’s organization, but itRead MoreLodging1094 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Travel and Tourism Industry in Perspective NAME: DATE: 1. Which of the following would be internal (â€Å"push†) factors in terms of influencing people’s decisions to travel? a. climate and collectibles b. health needs c. geography and wildlife d. entertainment and cuisine 2. People traveling to India to visit the country’s cultural and historical centers are likely to be attracted by __________ factors affecting their decisions to travel. a. push b. pull c. give d. take Read MoreI Am An Plan Of The Next Year During My Master Of Business Management Program1612 Words   |  7 Pagesendeavours to finish my studies. The Big Picture The hospitality industry is growing rapidly in this world. The hospitality business is one of the quickest developing organizations everywhere throughout the world that creates billions of cash and offers a lot of new profession and occupation chances to individuals with different foundations. The friendliness business is a major business everywhere throughout the world. India hospitality industry deals are relied upon to achieve a record $537 billion-inRead MoreExternal Trends1214 Words   |  5 Pagesdecisions; discuss what these environmental forces are and how they would impact on the decisions made by strategic management on the future viability of the business. As well as this, do a brief analysis of the 5 forces driving competition in the hospitality industry using Porters model as the basis of your analysis. If there is a question: †What must be considered for managers in the first stage of business decision making?†, one of the component elements included in the right answer definitely is analysingRead MoreThe Hospitality Industry Is A Complex Of Businesses And The Economy1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe hospitality industry today is a complex of businesses and the economy, serving to meet the needs of people who travels. The main components of the hospitality industry are lodging, food service, tourism, meeting and event planning, and the cruise line. The hotel industry is rapidly developing and aims to make a profit. Any tourist or visitor pays for the comfort that it provides, each hotel the company is committed to the highest level of service and comfort. This segment have a wide range ofRead MoreImpact Of Globalisation On Food And Service Sector1548 Words   |  7 Pagesstructure and improve the quality or functionality of their product offering. The rapid development of international economic integration and globalization has led to significant changes in hospitality industry. Therefore, it is necessary to dwell on different aspects of globalization as the process influencing the current and future developments in hospitality industry. This essay will be critically evaluating how globalisation impacts food and service sector. Followed by discussing the globalisation

Race and Ethnicity free essay sample

American society is focused so much on acknowledging differences and creating social divisions and categories, they hardly ever address similarities and possible race equalizers. African Americans along with other races have been categorized due to distinctions in their facial features as well as hair texture and skin tones. The irony of it all is that, America is supposed to be a place of equality and opportunity, yet it is seen to be the total opposite to many of the races who need the equality and opportunities. As an African American male I have been at every angle if racism. I have dealt it out and received it four times fold. Through school, dating and courting, raising children of my own, and simple tasks, like driving to work early in the morning in a rental car, I have seen my share racial and ethical stigmas and stereotypes. From getting pulled over for being the only vehicle on the street at 4 in the morning, to not being able to date a girl I liked a lot because her father’s opinion of me â€Å"seeming† like trouble. We will write a custom essay sample on Race and Ethnicity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And yes all these instances influence my life in many ways, from the way I have raised my children, to the route I take to work, the racially focused incidents affect my everyday life. But why does race or ethnicity matter so much anyways? Why doesnt class make more of a difference on how a person is judged? When people look at class, they still break it down into racial and ethical categories. Regardless of is I were to be the highest of the upper class, or just in the top of the middle class, I am still thought of as a black male first and then my money taken into consideration depending on the situation. The one time I can recall my money was taken into consideration, it was still in reference to my ethnicity. I was paying a ticket, which my son had received simply because he was in the wrong place at the wrong time. But I was at the courthouse to pay this large ticket, and came with cash in hand. The cashier looked at me with a confused face, so I asked her what she was questioning. She responded, with the same look persisting on her face,† Most people cannot pay this ticket, and usually sit it out. How are you able to afford this? † I did not reply, just simply took my receipt and went on with my day. I few days later, I received another notice saying I had not paid the ticket and a warrant would be issued in the next week if it was not paid. I went back to the courthouse, receipt in hand, and got everything cleared up quickly. They needed more information. They wanted to verify my job and source of income and sorts, just digging into my personal life, wanting to know how I could afford to pay such a ticket for my son. This situation I felt was racially skewed and something I feel would have never happened had I been a white man, never the less had my son been a white young boy. Life throws curve-balls and I understand that I cannot catch them all. I wish there was a way to discern whether they are truly just situational or racial. But regardless of if I could really tell or not, they would still happen and I would still have to deal with them simply. America is so focused on differences, no one is seen as possibly being equal in any measurement and that keeps the country stuck in a mindset. This mindset being: Life not fair. Deal with it.

Inequality Causes and Consequences

Introduction The 21st century has been characterized by an emphasis on democracy and an upholding of the principle of equality which holds that selection is on a basis of merit.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Inequality: Causes and Consequences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Equality of opportunity has been pursued with the view of ensuring equal opportunity to all the members of the society. Despite this emphasis on equality, today’s world continues to be plagued by many social inequalities among people. Wilkinson (2005, p.51) suggests that social inequality is positively related to social vices such as homicide and racism and inevitably fosters social instability. With this recognition, many governments have sought ways to reduce social inequality in their respective countries. Many political systems have been formulated in a bid to overcome social inequalities with the aim being to eliminate social inequalities by distributing resources in an equitable manner among the members of the society. Considering the significance that the issue of social inequality holds for the well being of the society, it makes sense to explore the subject of social inequality and highlight its causes. This paper shall set out to report on Social Inequality: causes and consequences. This shall be in a bid to provide a better appreciation of the issue thereby leading to an enhanced understanding of social inequality and how it affects the society. Causes of Social Inequality While the 21st century has witnessed an increase in the access to education for most people, education still remains to be a cause for inequality. This is because the quality of the education offered depends on the context of the school or class. The reason for this is that different schools will therefore offer different qualities of education for varied reasons. Duru-Bellat (2004, p.47) reveals that school have unequal effectiv eness especially in countries where there is no minimum level of quality guaranteed. Another effect of education is that it influences a person’s social capital. Social capital is defined as â€Å"a person’s potential to activate and effectively mobilize a network of social connection on mutual recognition of proximity† (OECD, 2001, p.2). Social capital can be uses as private goods by an individual to achieve certain goals. An individual can use his/her accumulated social capital to from this social capital. This inequality is linked by social proximities where people cluster themselves into groups based on some common property.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Careers and jobs have also become a source of status distinction among people. Studies also indicate that the returns to skill (measure of the difference in earnings between more-skilled and less-skil led workers) have changed radically over the past 3 decades. From the 1980s, there was a heightened increase in the wage differential in the labor market (Ryscavage 1999, p.115). The main differentiating factors were by education or experience. Emphasis on education resulted in higher institutes of learning graduates earning more than similar workers who had only high school diplomas. Due to this shift, higher wages are paid to workers who are more skilled or occupy management and administrative positions than to workers involved in the manual section of the organization. It follows logically that income gaps attributed to education levels are significant since only a small proportion of the population get to pursue the highest levels of education. This observation implies that children of poorer parents are less likely to become rich in future than children of richer parents. Globalization has resulted in increased social inequality in developed nations. Globalization is a process characterized by major integration of economies and cultures. This trend is becoming rife and with it a shift in the way business and societies operate. Fligstein (2002, p.206) suggests that globalization is more of a gradual process whose impacts on economies are less revolutionary in nature. One of the outcomes of globalization is mass immigration as people move in search of job opportunities and better income. The immigrants and their children are disadvantaged as a result of â€Å"unequal distance† which exists between their native language and the language of their host country. Duru-Bellat (2004, p.33) asserts that the institutes in the home country are permeated by the culture of dominant groups and therefore, only those who inherit this culture can perform well. Another cause of social inequality is social stratification which is characterized by grouping people into different social classes. Some people in society are given more power and freedom as a result of their social class. Class stratification results in the society dividing itself into different classes of people mostly on the basis of economic wellbeing. The members of different classes have varying access to resources and power therefore creating a rift between the various classes. Dragos and Leskosek (2003) rightfully state that individuals with various characteristics do not start their lives in neutral or unstructured environments but rather, they are flung by education or even birth into various social spaces. These social spaces in some instances determine the opportunities that are available to them and therefore their achievements later in life.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Inequality: Causes and Consequences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social inequality also occurs as a result of the gender of a person. The cause of this kind of inequality is mostly as a result of the dual roles of paid and unpai d workers that most women play in a capitalistic world. Male dominance results in women playing second roles since gendered job segregation results in males maintaining superiority over the women (Goldthorpe, 2009). In some countries, women are considered second class citizens and their economic options are significantly decreased therefore making them dependent on the men. Consequences Research suggests that social inequality may be a significant determinant of health. This is mainly because inequality results to a great difference in access to resources across the community which results in greater differences in health across communities. Health care acquisition thereby becomes almost an unattainable affair for the low earners since the cost of health care and a healthy lifestyle becomes more expensive in the community. Berkman and Kawachi (2000) articulate that social inequality leads to lack of solidarity and social cohesion thereby dramatically decreasing life expectancy also, the socioeconomic position of an individual has a direct relationship to their risk of heart disease and other lifestyle related illnesses. These assertions borrow from the psychosocial environment interpretations which theorize that inequality produces a social environment that ultimately affects the individual’s health. The linkage between inequality and crime is especially troubling. Yoonseok and Donggyun (2008) hypothesized that, as the income distribution becomes more bipolarized, the interaction between the two groups from the different sides of the income divide is further minimized. This in turn lowers both the expected future income of the poorer and their incentive to supply labor in the legal labor market is thus weakened. Findings indicate that the crime incentive for the richer is far lower due to high income while it remains heightened for the poorer (Yoonseok and Donggyun 2008). This is because individuals feel more frustrated when they belong to the low incom e group than high income group. This leads to antagonism by the low earners to the high earners which lead to the propagation of crime. Wilkinson (2005) also asserts that the relationship between inequality and violence is a robust one and poverty is independently associated with higher levels of violence. In recent years, studies to indicate the effects of income inequality have been sanctioned. It contended that inequality may hinder the economic growth of a nation (Boix, 2009). In the earlier days, income inequality was indeed a sign of economic growth since it marked the population shift from rural to urban with the urban population earning higher. As such, it was seen as a necessary condition of economic takeoff.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Boix (2009) proposes that inequality leads to redistributive demands in the form of heavier tax burdens and lack of incentives for investors which lead to the slowing down of growth. In addition to this, inequality leads to instability to the political system which becomes characterized by riots, assassinations and even outbreak of civil wars. This state discourages investments thereby further plunging a nation into reduced earning. However, not all the consequences of social inequality are negative in nature and this inequality may result in progress in the society. Bernasek, an economic reporter for the New York Times contends that the effects of income inequality are not inherently adverse (Bernasek, 2006). She asserts that without inequality, there would be no motivation for anyone to earn more than the rest of the people. However, given the many adverse effects that sprout from social inequality, the virtue of inequality as a motivating factor seems to pale in comparis on. Dragos and Leskosek (2003) go as far as to state that social inequality should not be tolerated by any society since they go against the notion of benefiting everyone and results in disharmony. There is therefore a pressing need to come up with means that alleviate the gap in income thereby leading to a more harmonic society. Conclusion Inequality has been universally acknowledged as a major roadblock in the way for economic and social prosperity. This paper set out to outline the causes of social inequality and the consequences that arise from it. To this end, the paper has articulated the issue of social inequality that faces both developing and developed nations alike. The evidence presented herein suggests that globalization, education and a social stratification are some of the major causes of social inequality. From this paper, it is clear that social inequality has many negative impacts on the society. With recognition that social inequality results in gross injustices, s olutions should be looked for to address the problem. Whereas social equality may never be completely attained, increasing equality is an achievable goal that can be attained should the governments and other relevant institutes diligently measures to deal with the causes of inequality that have been outlined in this paper. A more equitable community will not only be harmonious but will also lead to more industrial growth hence a higher standard of living for most members of the society. References Boix, C 2009, The Conditional Relationship Between Inequality and Development, PS, Political Science Politics: Research Library Core, ProQuest. Dragos, S Leskosek, V 2003, Social Inequality and social capital. Institute for contemporary Social and Political Studies. Duru-Bellat, M 2004, Social inequality at school and educational policies, UNESCO: International Institute for Educational Planning. Fligstein, N 2002, The Architecture of Markets: An Economic Sociology of Twenty-first-Centur y Capitalist Societies, Princeton University Press. Goldthorpe, J 2009, â€Å"Analysing Social Inequality: A Critique of Two Recent Contributions from Economics and Epidemiology†, European Sociological Review, DOI:10.1093/esr/jcp046 OECD, 2001, The Well-being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital. OECD Publishing. Ryscavage, Paul. â€Å"Income inequality in America: an analysis of trends† USA: M.W. Sharpe, 1999. Print. Wilkinson, G 2005, The Impact of Inequality: How to Make Sick Societies Healthier, Routledge. Yoonseok, L, Donggyun S, What Aspect of the Income Distribution Matters in the Crime Model?. Web. This report on Inequality: Causes and Consequences was written and submitted by user Kelly E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Global Capitalism -- Critiques from Sociologists

Global Capitalism Critiques from Sociologists Global capitalism, the current epoch in the centuries-long history of the capitalist economy, is heralded by many as a free and open economic system that brings people from around the world together to foster innovations in production, for facilitating exchange of culture and knowledge, for bringing jobs to struggling economies worldwide, and for providing consumers with an ample supply of affordable goods. But while many may enjoy benefits of global capitalism, others around the world in fact, most do not. The research and theories of sociologists and intellectuals who focus on globalization, including William I. Robinson, Saskia Sassen, Mike Davis, and Vandana Shiva shed light on the ways this system harms many. Global Capitalism is Anti-Democratic Global capitalism is, to quote Robinson, â€Å"profoundly anti-democratic.† A tiny group of global elite decide the rules of the game  and control the vast majority of the world’s resources. In 2011, Swiss researchers found that just 147 of the world’s corporations and investment groups controlled 40 percent of corporate wealth, and just over 700 control nearly all of it (80 percent). This puts the vast majority of the world’s resources under the control of a tiny fraction of the world’s population. Because political power follows economic power, democracy in the context of global capitalism can be nothing but a dream. Using Global Capitalism as a Development Tool Does More Harm than Good Approaches to development that sync with the ideals and goals of global capitalism do far more harm than good. Many countries that were impoverished by colonization and imperialism are now impoverished by IMF and World Bank development schemes that force  them to adopt free trade policies in order to receive development loans. Rather than bolstering local and national economies, these policies pour money into the coffers of global corporations that operate in these nations under free trade agreements. And, by focusing development on urban sectors, hundreds of millions of people around the world have been pulled out of rural communities by the promise of jobs, only to find themselves un- or under-employed  and living in densely crowded and dangerous slums. In 2011, the United Nations Habitat Report estimated that 889 million people- or more than 10 percent of the world’ population- would live in slums by 2020. The Ideology of Global Capitalism Undermines the Public Good The neoliberal ideology that supports and justifies global capitalism undermines public welfare. Freed from regulations and most  tax obligations, corporations made wealthy in the era of global capitalism have effectively stolen social welfare, support systems, and public services and industries from people all over the world. The neoliberal ideology that goes hand in hand with this economic system places the burden of survival solely on an individual’s ability to earn money and consume. The concept of the common good is a thing of the past. The Privatization of Everything Only Helps the Wealthy Global capitalism has marched steadily across the planet, gobbling up all land and resources in its path. Thanks to the neoliberal ideology of privatization, and the global capitalist imperative for growth, it is increasingly difficult for people all over the world to access the resources necessary for a just and sustainable livelihood, like communal space, water, seed, and workable agricultural land. The Mass Consumerism Required by Global Capitalism is Unsustainable Global capitalism spreads consumerism as a way of life, which is fundamentally unsustainable. Because consumer goods mark progress and success under global capitalism, and because neoliberal ideology encourages us to survive and thrive as individuals rather than as communities, consumerism is our contemporary way of life. The  desire for consumer goods and the ​cosmopolitan way of life they signal is one of the key pull factors that draws hundreds of millions of rural peasants to urban centers in search of work. Already, the planet and its resources have been pushed beyond limits due to the treadmill of consumerism in Northern and Western nations. As consumerism spreads to more newly developed nations via global capitalism, the depletion of the earth’s resources, waste, environmental pollution, and the warming of the planet are increasing to catastrophic ends. Human and Environmental Abuses Characterize Global Supply Chains The globalized supply chains that bring all of this stuff to us are largely unregulated  and systemically rife with human and environmental abuses. Because global corporations act as large buyers rather than producers of goods, they do not directly hire most of the people who make their products. This arrangement frees them from any liability for the inhumane and dangerous work conditions where goods are made, and from responsibility for environmental pollution, disasters, and public health crises. While capital has been globalized, the  regulation of production  has  not. Much of what stands for regulation today is a sham, with private industries auditing and certifying themselves. Global Capitalism Fosters Precarious and Low-Wage Work The flexible nature of labor under  global capitalism  has put the vast majority of working people in very precarious positions. Part-time work, contract work, and insecure work are the norm, none of which bestow benefits or long-term job security upon people. This problem crosses all industries, from manufacturing of garments and consumer electronics, and even for  professors at U.S. colleges and universities, most of whom are hired on a short-term basis for low pay. Further, the globalization of the labor supply has created a race to the bottom in wages, as corporations search for the cheapest labor from country to country and workers are forced to accept unjustly low wages, or risk having no work at all. These conditions lead to poverty, food insecurity, unstable housing and homelessness, and troubling mental and physical health outcomes. Global Capitalism Fosters Extreme Wealth Inequality The hyper-accumulation of wealth experienced by corporations and a selection of elite individuals has caused a sharp rise in wealth inequality within nations and on the global scale. Poverty amidst plenty is now the norm. According to a  report released by Oxfam  in January 2014, half of the world’s wealth is owned by  just one percent  of the world’s population. At 110 trillion dollars, this wealth is 65 times as much as that owned by the bottom half of the world’s population. The fact that 7 out of 10 people now live in countries where economic inequality has increased over the last 30 years is proof that the system of global capitalism works for the few at the expense of the many. Even in the U.S., where politicians would have us believe that we have â€Å"recovered† from the economic recession, the wealthiest one percent captured 95 percent of economic growth during the recovery, while  90 percent of us are now poorer. Global Capitalism Fosters Social Conflict Global capitalism  fosters social conflict, which will only persist and grow as the system expands. Because capitalism enriches the few at the expense of the many, it generates conflict over access to resources like food, water, land, jobs and others resources. It also generates political conflict over the conditions and relations of production that define the system, like worker strikes and protests, popular protests and upheavals, and protests against environmental destruction. Conflict generated by global capitalism can be sporadic, short-term, or prolonged, but regardless of duration, it is often dangerous and costly to human life. A recent and ongoing example of this surrounds the  mining of coltan in Africa for smartphones and tablets  and many other minerals used in consumer electronics. Global Capitalism Does the Most Harm to the Most Vulnerable Global capitalism hurts people of color, ethnic minorities, women, and children the most. The history of  racism  and gender discrimination within Western nations, coupled with the increasing concentration of wealth in the hands of the few, effectively  bars women  and  people of color from accessing  the wealth generated by global capitalism. Around the world, ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies influence or prohibit access to stable employment. Where capitalist based development occurs in former colonies, it often targets those regions because the labor of those who live there is â€Å"cheap† by virtue of a long history of racism, subordination of women, and political domination. These forces have led to what scholars term the â€Å"feminization of poverty,† which has disastrous outcomes for the world’s children, half of whom live in poverty.

Food Supply and Environmental Issues Research Paper

Food Supply and Environmental Issues - Research Paper Example According to past trends, there have been plans of increasing food production in order to counter the increasing consumption rates. Despite the existence of such plans, the consumption rates have often surpassed the production rates (World Centric, 2013). This explains why there are people succumbing to hunger in the developing world. Moreover, the globe lives under the threat of food insecurity because of the changes in climate and diminishing resources. It is a fact that the population will increase immensely in the next thirty years if population growth rates persist. The current seven billion people are likely to increase to about 9 billion in three decades (Diouf, 2010). The world faces challenges in feeding the current population, but must exhibit preparedness to feed an extra two billion people. Such increase will likely cause more strain in the agricultural and fishing sector in order to cater for the rising need. Moreover, with people adopting different lifestyles, the world will likely need more fish and animal livestock (Diouf, 2010). These animals and fish will require feed and this only increases the need. Food is not the only need because population will present a higher energy need for the globe. In order to ensure a level of security in the future, application of new techniques in agriculture to increase yield and combat climate change has been the way for most of the nations. The new techniques include the adoption of new farming methods, search for better seed varieties and improved animal breeds. For some time, conventional breeding seemed to offer a promise for the future but not anymore. There are new problems that challenge the new techniques adopted. Pesticides and insecticides that were once effective are no longer efficient with the increasing resistance from pests (Vidal, 2012). Moreover, stretching the agricultural sector presents its limits because of the potential environmental effects. Therefore, the discovery of better biotechnological methods has been the focus of many scientists in the recent past. Although genetically modified organisms (GMOs) present a glimpse of hope for the future, the politics and criticisms behind them only serve to prove that the worl d needs a better solution. Although the use of GMOs can assure the globe of food security to a certain level, they present new challenges as well, and scientists are still figuring out what they can do to ensure safety (Vidal, 2012). However, these still provide the world with fortified foods presenting a new capacity for agriculture to provide a balanced diet to its ever growing and needy population. Many have urged that green technology will present a better solution (Woody, 2012). The technology comes with handy benefits because it can provide good yields while conserving the environment as well. Although it comes with multiple benefits, it is expensive for the local farmer doing it at small scale. Moreover, the adverse climatic changes that have resulted because of over-exploitation of the